Same Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized . The Same Sex Marriage

Same sex marriage should be legalized The same sex marriage has been widely debated in many countries for a long time. It is an important issue because it concerns basic moral and human rights. People all over the world come to the United States in search of freedom and equality. Being able to marry anyone, no matter the gender, is a freedom of right, but if that freedom of right is taken away from people than there is no equality. Homosexual people in the United States are people that deserve freedom and equality and taking away their right to marriage is taking away their equality with the rest of Americans. Even though certain religions are against same sex marriage, same sex†¦show more content†¦Writing for the majority, Justice Anthony Kennedy states that â€Å"no union is more profound than marriage, for it embodies the highest ideals of love, fidelity, devotion, sacrifice, and family.† Kennedy goes on to say that gay and lesbian couples â€Å"ask for equal dignity in the eyes of the law. The Constitution grants them that right.† ( Nasci1). I think this amendment protects the rights of homosexuals. Same sex marriage should be legal because all individuals have the same right in society; same-sex couples can constitute a good based family. It is just a way to make official a common union nowadays, even there are religious issue; because it is not related to polygamy; and because love matters and it does not differ in nature according to the sex of its object or the person who experiences it. Prior to the U.S. Supreme Court ruling, same sex marriage is only legal in some states. Some states do not agree with same sex marriage. â€Å"Same-sex marriage was legal in 36 states and the District of Columbia. In 19 of those states. (Nascri). I think same sex marriage should be legal. The state should not say anything about agreeing to an adult s way of life. If two people love each other and want to get married, regardless of their partner s color, religion, nationality or gender, they should be allowed to do so love and marriage should be purely a personal choice. When the government intervenes inShow MoreRelatedShould Same-Sex Marriages Be Legalized?. Same-Sex Marriages2063 Words   |  9 PagesShould Same-Sex Marriages Be Legalized? Same-sex marriages should be illegal because the increase of marriages with the same sex has aroused conflicts in society, affects on children, and religiously. Therefore one must halt the proposal. The history of homosexuality has a lot of stories to tell, however, the beginning of it all would begin shortly and oddly. On the Western contemporary concept of homosexuality would relatively currently be considered new during the day of time. Ideas of homosexualityRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Not Be Legalized926 Words   |  4 Pageshave misunderstood the meaning of marriage. Marriage is not just a term to describe relationship that are precious to us, it’s more than just a union of heart and mind; it’s an institution between a man and a women. biblically, marriage is a life time union of a man and a women, primarily for the purpose of building a family and providing a stable environments for that family (1 Corinthian 7:2 16) According to Peter Sprigg, same sex marriage should not be legalized because of its immediate and long-termRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized1361 Words   |  6 PagesSame sex marriage has been the topic of an ongoing controversial debate in many countries for a long time now. This is an important issue because it concerns the basic principle of human rights and basic morality. Same sex marriage should be legalized; it is a violation of human rights, there are many misconceptions of same sex individuals, and allowing same sex marriage to be legalized would provide a boost to the economy. There are many misconceptions of homosexual people. A common myth is thatRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Not Be Legalized1562 Words   |  7 Pages~ Busse Same-Sex Debate Essay ~ Ever since the time when America studied family values and focused on healthy and important influences, marriage was considered to be between man and woman holding a physical and spiritual bond between each other, not between man and man and woman and woman. Some may see marriage as between two people of the same gender, or what is known as same-sex marriage. This form of marriage became popular in the U.S. during the 1960’s and 1970’s due to the urge of legalizationRead MoreShould Same Sex Marriage Be Legalized?1372 Words   |  6 PagesThe â€Å"date which will live in infamy† just had a child! As of June 26, 2015, same-sex marriage was legalized in all 50 states of America by the Supreme Court from a ruling that barely passed by a 5-4 vote. Wait a minute. Back up. Do you mean to tell me that boys can marry boys now? That girls can marry girls? That it’s legal?! Wake up America! Do you even realize what you have done? You have given gay people th e right to marry. To marry! Who in their right mind would give gay people that cherishedRead MoreShould Same Sex Marriage Be Legalized?945 Words   |  4 PagesShould Same-Sex Marriage Be Legalized? Regardless of color, ethnicity, culture or religion, marriage has been and always have considered to be a man and a woman. This concern has been a debating and a hot topic currently in the United States politics, it is prohibited in a majority of the nation till the President have pass the law for same-sex marriage. With this question, I feel that same sex marriage should not be legalized, but it cannot be banned. I sense that a marriage is intensely betweenRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized898 Words   |  4 Pages2015 same sex marriage was legalized in all fifty states. Many arguments have come around about if homosexuality is genetic or if its chosen. Many people think either way and there aren’t many people who are in between thinking that homosexuality is chosen or not. The song â€Å"Same Love† by Macklemore was released in 2015 when all of the media slowed down about homosexuality and after same sex marriage was legalized. So when Macklemore released this song more attention came to same sex marriage. ThisRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized910 Words   |  4 PagesSame-sex marriages also know, as gay/ Lesbian marriage is marriage between people of the same sex either as a secular civil ceremony or in a religious setting. In the late 20th century. Religious rites of marriage without legal recognition became increasingly common. In the 21st centuries various types of the same-sex unions have come to be legalized. As of 26 June 2015, eighteen countries; Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, NorwayRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized2018 Words   |  9 Pages Same-Sex Marriage Legalization in United State of America – Is Legalized Same-Sex Marriage Inevitable? Yiran (Evelyn) Hou University of Minnesota Twin Cities Same-Sex Marriage Legalization in United State of America – Is Legalized Same-Sex Marriage Inevitable? Since the first same-sex marriage occurred in United States in 2004, the issue of gay people’s rights to get married emerged to the surface. Since then, multiple states have put forward their policies of gay marriage successivelyRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized972 Words   |  4 PagesSame sex couples have been waiting for same sex marriage to be legalized for many decades. According to Ken LaMance, â€Å"One of the first documented challenges to same-sex marriages occurred on May 18th, 1970, where two men applied for a marriage license in Heppenin County, Minnesota† (LaMance). Their request was denied because they felt marriage should be between a man and a woman. Civil Unions were the first step in legalizing same sex marriage. Civil Unions were introduced in 2000 in Vermont. Civil

Critical Analysis of the Rape of the Lock by Pope

The destruction of the grand style of the epic is just what Pope was after in his mock epic, The Rape of the Lock. Pope had no such universal goal, or moral pronouncements to make as did Milton. His purpose was merely to expose the life of the nobility of his time. While Milton chose blank verse to express the immensity of the landscape of his epic, Pope chose to utilize the heroic couplet to trivialize this grandeur. Popes quick wit bounces the reader along his detailed description of his parlor-room epic. His content is purposefully trivial, his scope purposefully thin, his style purposefully light-hearted, and therefore his choice of form purposefully geared toward the smooth, natural rhythm of the heroic couplet. The caesura, the†¦show more content†¦The stakes in this mock-heroic epic are Belindas maidenhood, and the convention of the epic warning comes by way of Ariels reading of bad omens: Late as I ranged the crystal wilds of air,/ In the clear mirror of thy ruling s tar/ I saw, alas! some dread event impend/ . . . Beware of all, but most beware of Man! (105-114). Belindas performance of her toilette, assisted by Betty, her inferior priestess (127), is described as the arming of the epic hero: Now awful Beauty put on all its arms (138), and the images evoked in Popes description of the various creams and perfumes on Belindas vanity invests them with a value and exoticism they dont deserve: Unnumbered treasures, glittering spoil, Indias glowing gems, all Arabia breathes from yonder box, The tortoise here and elephant unite (129-135) By means of hyperbole, Pope manages to reveal the true worthlessness of these substances. Pope advocates the use of concrete, Saxonate words over abstract, Latinate ones in poetry, and offers numerous examples from eighteenth century poetry of how the effect of abstraction is to show a lackShow MoreRelatedCorrectional Administration Reviewer18383 Words   |  74 Pagesï  ± the First separate institution for women were established in Indiana and Massachusetts. DIVISIONS OF CRIMINOLGY: 1. Sociology of Law is an attempt at scientific analysis of the conditions under w/c criminal laws develop and w/c is seldom included in the book of criminology. 2. Criminal Etiology is an attempt of scientific analysis of the causes of crimes. 3. Penology is concerned with the control of crime. THE CONCEPT OF PENALTY Penalty in its general sense signifies pain; in the judicial sphereRead Morewisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 Pagesjokes if they make us feel superior, amidst our own ethnic group, to any supposed inferior group. Humor is also sometimes an inappropriate response to an event. Hearing of evils like the killing of an innocent person, the demeaning of a child, or the rape of a woman should elicit not humor but sorrow. As the Bible’s book of Ecclesiastes says, there is â€Å"a time to weep, and a time to laugh; a time to mourn, and a time to dance.† Enlightening comments on the relationship of humor to wisdom were once made

How does the relationship between salt concentration Free Essays

How does the relationship between salt concentration effect osmosis in the aquatic plant Elodea? Quantitative data From observing the cells under a microscope, we see that they are continuously moving and therefore are alive. We have observed that when the cells are in the 10% sodium chloride, the chloroplasts are positioned to the sides of the cell wall and the cytoplasm is more expanded. Cells in the distilled water are slightly smaller than the cells in the sodium chloride solution and the chloroplasts have begun moving to the same. We will write a custom essay sample on How does the relationship between salt concentration or any similar topic only for you Order Now Finally, cells in the isotonic water are very small and equally spread out through out the cells. Conclusion From observing the Elodea in different concentration of water, we can see that the more concentrated the solution is, the more osmosis occurs. This can be seen from the change from observing the plant in isotonic water, distilled water and a 10% sodium chloride solution. As the concentration of the solution increases, the cytoplasm and chloroplast was pushed to the edges of the cell membrane instead of being spread out like in the isotonic water. This observation is especially visible for he 10% sodium chloride solution; where all of its chloroplast was on the boundary and pressure of the cytoplasm is more. This occurs because of osmosis where water molecules move in the sodium chloride solution as osmosis works from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration across a partially permeable membrane. The sodium chloride molecules moves across the membrane so the net is in equilibrium, due to this the elodea contain more water and therefore becomes larger. At some cells, we can see that they look very weak and ull, these are the cells which are reaching the maximum capacity of water they can obtain. If we were to leave the elodea in higher concentration solution they may burst due too much water flowing and pressure inside the cells. There was only a gradual change between the cell in the isotonic water and distilled water since the salt concentration to the distilled water was not very strong. Also, because the solution is less solute is due to less molecules held up so they move more freely across the membrane. Thus, a smaller net movement of water is evident. However, we can still ee some small changes such as the some of the chloroplasts have been moved the side, as while as the cell has expanded slightly, especially the cytoplasm. When place in isotonic solution, the cell does not experience any changes since there is an equal exchange of water. The reason for this is the solution and cell has the same concentration, therefore water moves in the same direction so osmosis does not occur. There is no pressure inside the cell so the cytoplasm is not pressed against happens better in concentrated solutions where the cytoplasm and chloroplast are ainly affected. Although I only did the experiment once, my results may not be completely accurate; however, because of our knowledge of osmosis, we can infer that the results are to a large extend reliable and can be use to Justify our conclusion. Evaluation Limitation How it affected the results How to improve it The slide where the cell was put on to be observed under the microscope may have contained traces of previous concentration of solutions. Because the solutions were mixed (for instance, some traces of isotonic water on slide when the cell was put in istilled water) it could weaken the concentration of the solution. The weaker solution may create a barrier to how much of the stronger solution could enter the cell. Therefore, the cell could contain more of the weaker solution than the stronger. Due to more of the weaker solution, osmosis may not occur as effectively as it would with a pure solution. After observing the elodea, cleanse it thoroughly so excess water comes off. When wanting to observe the next elodea in a different concentration take a new slide each time so there is the cell is on a completely clean surface. The harsh ight of the microscope created heat, which was aimed towards the cell. The heat would have made the cell drier by drying the water that the cell contained. This would have made the cell flaccid as the cell loses water and has lack of firmness. Therefore the cells’ structure would be altered, giving false results. Decrease the amount of light shined on the cell. Also, only switch off the microscope when not using to observe to ensure that extra light will not shine. The time the leaf is left in the solution is not consistent. – Sometimes the leaf was left for 5 minutes sometimes onger. The time needs to be consistent since the effects of osmosis may be more visible if there is longer time. The cell in a particular concentration may be less â€Å"developed† compared to the cell in another concentration, which was in the solution for a longer period of time. Have a fix time for the elodea cell to be in each of the solutions. (10 minutes would be a good time) The experiment was only done once This may not have given very accurate results as the one trial we did may have been flawed. Therefore it is not very reliable to assume that our results will always give the ame conclusions that concentration effect osmosis. Do the experiment at least fives times to compare the results to make sure they are all similar. This way you can ensure that your results are more accurate and have no anomalies. Different leaves were used for each of the three solutions. and how everything is placed. Because of this, we do not know if the changes we see are due to osmosis or if the leaves are different from each other. It makes comparison between the concentration of solutions harder as we need to be more cautious in what we assume are the effects of osmosis. Use the same leaf whenever changing into a different solution. However make sure to fully cleanse the leaf after putting in each concentration to ensure there is no traces of old concentration. Limitation by use of sketching to collecting information There might be human error when sketching since we cannot locate the same part of the plant and also there is different amount of cells within each part. Humans may also produce error when drawing the shapes, so when comparing, it is difficult to know whether the shapes produce are caused by human error or osmosis. How to cite How does the relationship between salt concentration, Papers

Phenomenon as Old as Human Civilization †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About the Phenomenon as Old as Human Civilization? Answer: Introduction Policing is a phenomenon, perhaps, as old as human civilization. It defies the fundamental constitutional and international law principle of freedom of movement because of practices like incarceration. Policing and privatization have been designed by the justice system through the limit the right of movement due to reasons such as national security, morality and by public order (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights article 12(3)). In the early eighteenth century private policing in Australia was defined by slavery (OToole 2006). The convicts would work for masters and would be entitled to a basic pay. This traditional form of private policing system has been christened prisons without walls because it is comparatively different from the modern day form of private security which is defined by sophisticated equipment. Privatization of policing institution including is a growing trend in most jurisdictions although the reality is that the majority of the offenders in pri sons are not first time offenders. This study questions on whether the increasing dominance in privatization is a beneficial precept in dealing with offenders by creating fear, averting criminal risk and curbing insecurity. In discussing privatization, risk, fear and insecurity this essay will major on the imprisonment and whether it achieved the goal of deterrence. Privatization of Policing Institution: Criminal and Civil Aspect The rate of recidivism has incredibly increased and soon there will be no room for more offenders and this has created the need of more private prisons and policing. The traditional approach to criminal law is that the offender of a crime should be punished. A crime is regarded as a wrong that is committed against the society and which is punishable by the state (Blackstones Australian Legal Words and Phrases). An individual who goes against the standards of behavior that have been set by the society is deemed top have committed a crime. In criminal law such an offender is quarantined from the other members of society because of their unwanted character. This kind of separation is what is regarded as imprisonment in the legal sense. The prominent view is that imprisonment only occurs in cases where one is found guilty of a crime and fails to pay a fine where there is such an option. It however, seems facile to suggest that imprisonment may also occur in civil cases. Accounting to Flynn (1998) imprisonment was during the common law era ethos used to enforce debts. There has been a magnanimous legal discontent among scholars with some arguing that an imprisonment that has followed a civil case is incongruous and unjust. Ordinarily a jail terms is associated with criminal matters while in civil matters liable plaintiffs are ordered to pay damages. It thus begs the critical question whether imprisonment following civil actions shares its objectives with imprisonment in criminal law actions. The international community has come out strongly to advice nations against civil jail. Pursuant to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) (1966) under article 11 civil jail has been prohibited in matters relating to failure to meet contractual obligations. The argument in international law perspective is that the objective of a civil jail appears to be more severe and a torture of the contracting party. Does Privatization of Policing Institution achieve Averting Risk, Instilling Fear, and reduce Insecurity? Traditionally prisons are viewed as places of punishment rather than a correctional facility to correct the offenders. It has been argued that a majority of the prisons are hiding under the guise of rehabilitating prisoners but the real intention has been to punish them. The result of such actions has been manifested by statistical research that has been conducted showing that 52% of criminal that are released usually go back to the society with advanced criminal tendencies and they find themselves back to prison again (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009). Society becomes stuck a mares nest not comprehending the real intention of imprisonment. The most blatant position taken by any criminalist is that Imprisonment creates fear and prevents offenders from committing crime. But is this really the case. According to Freiberg and Ross (1999) there been a rapid increase in the number of prisoners in prisons. It has been argued that between September 2009 and September 2010 there has been recorded to be a 3.8% increase in the number of prisoners in Victoria (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010a, p. 11). The conundrum here is that rather than deterring crime imprisonment appears to encouraging more offenders. Following a study conducted by Green and Winik (2010, p. 359) it has since been concede that imprisonment has a very minute or no impact all on the likelihood that a person will commit the crime again and therefore the deterrence role it is expected to play becomes extinct. The questions that begs an interpretive answer is whether the intention of the state is that persons who are imprisoned should be subjected to harsh and devastating living conditions as a form of punishment. This notion appears to be what states do in practice but theoretically they claim that prisons are a rehabilitation center. Some prisoners are usually imprisoned for very short terms but upon their release we learn that they have been traumatized by the living conditions in there as others come out with lifetime diseases and infections that they may never have the financial muscle to treat. It boils down to the fundamental issue on whether actually imprisonment of offenders is helpful. It has also been contended that imprisonment leads to psychological complexities of the prisoner and this makes the prisoner hate the government and the people (Haney 1997). The prisoner will hate the government because they believe that it has inflicted the pain and torture on him by locking him within a limited premise. Hatred toward the people is brought about by the fact the prisoner believes that the people have failed to help and that persons who are not imprisoned will be treated different by the community. When such thoughts grow in the encephalon of the prisoner the ripple effect is that when they are released they are likely to be hostile and resort to crime on the basis of revenge. Persons who have been imprisoned for lesser offences usually interact with capital offenders in prison and they end up learning other shrewd means to commit crimes. This experience that is learnt in prison is later taken back to the society because the minor offenders do not longer periods in prison. The effect of imprisonment then becomes negative to both the released prisoner and the society. It has also been argued that juvenile offenders who are imprisoned with the expectation that they will positively change sometime acquire better skills in criminal activities form other offenders while in prison. As such when they are released they grow to be a menace in the society and they continue to circumnavigate the justice system. Violence and brutality has also been on the rife in prisons. It has been argued that there is a considerable number of prisoners who have committed suicide while in prison because of the physical torture that is inflicted upon them by other inmates and sometimes the prison warders. A recent research that has been conducted has revealed that the prisons in Victoria have the most violent inmate (Ashlynne 2015). This has made the concept of imprisonment unsafe as vulnerable and weak prisoners are more likely to be harassed and bullied by the hardcore criminals. While discussing the negative aspects of imprisonment it also imperative to note the plight of mothers (women) capital offenders who end up serving long terms in prisons. The children of such mothers are also likely being involved in crime activities because of the lack of the parental care and are forced to learn values from people who misguide them (Greene, Haney Hurtado 2000). The psychological torture that is left on the chil dren of such mothers is without a doubt one that eats into their emotions for a lifetime (Alison Linda 2004). In Australia the increasing number of prisoners has been argued to be very costly to the taxpayer because the state funds the prisons and as the prisoners increase more funds are needed. In view of the above it can be generally observed that with such an upsurge in negative effects of local public imprisonment, the modern rehabilitation and punishment objective of prisons lose meaning because they end up being torture chambers. Other potential offenders living in the society also do not become deterred by some imprisonment sentences. As a matter of fact there are offenders who run criminal cartels while in prison and have some of their team members livingly freely in the society as they perpetrate their criminal activities. Such criminals who have been imprisoned normally have a high monetary influence to bribe anyone. Prisons have thus been described as academies of high crime. According to Valier (2002) punishment is necessary as it reinforces fundamental values to the society. It has also been argued that punishment of offenders leads to moral development in a society (Garland, 1990). Michael Ignatieff (1983) borrows a jurisprudential argument from Jeremy Bentham that asserts that inflicting harm on the body as a form punishing offenders is cruel and inhumane and should be replaced with more humane punishments such a imprisonment. Imprisonment could be more helpful to the society because it separates the offenders from the society and ensures that the other people stay in e peace. The Death penalty has been held also to be cruel, inhumane and a travesty to the constitutional principle right to life. It bears noting that private prisons and private policing have abolished the concept of death penalty because it intrudes on the sanctity of life and the dignity of the human life. It is utterly preposterous and abhorrent to connote that the death penalty as a form of punishing the offenders has many negative impacts to the society and it does not create any fear or reduce insecurity among the people. Since the death penalty was abolished in Australia it has been argued that the life imprisonment which is a concept of private prisons has more positive effects because there is a low likelihood that the offender will recommit the same crime if released because of factors like old age (Potas Walker 1987). Thus life imprisonment creates fear among offenders who kno that they will have to spend their life in prisons until natural death. The idea of transposing the deat h penalty with life imprisonment has been seen as a better measure to control crime in the modern private policing and imprisonment practice and has since gained an overwhelming prominence in myriad of jurisdictions. To the contrary, critics in other jurisdictions which still practice the death penalty have launched a scathing attack on the concept of death row syndrome which is sentencing to death but indefinitely imprisoning the sentenced offenders as they wait to die. Such a form of imprisonment has also been argued to be to be a psychological torture of the imprisoned individuals and does not conform to the modern vie of reducing crime management(Smith, 2008). In Australia private imprisonment and policing has revealed a sustained and rigorous commitment in ensuring that the offender change their character and ethical conduct while in prison coming by with rehabilitation programme in prisons (Howells et al. 2004). As a matter of course the offenders in are usually given education on how to change and get new skills in life. It gives added relevance to state that there has been a growing body of evidence that divulges that rehabilitation programme has in the prisons been a success (Andrews Bonta 2010). The idea inherent in the precept of rehabilitation is that the offenders will not be sentenced fro the same offence again when they are united to the society they will be able to impart the knowledge and skills acquired during the rehabilitation to other members of the society. The dominant view is that the rehabilitation in private policing has the goal of ensuring that the live a life without making any offences anymore (Day Casey 2010). As such there is frequent monitoring of the offenders during the programme period and after to ensure that the skills acquired are reinforced into the individual. The fact that the offenders are being rehabilitated does not in any way imply that the government is sympathetic on the offenders but rather they are transforming the character of the individuals for better society. Accordingly, rehabilitation causes the offender to embrace a plausible disposition the leaves the societies with no any better option than to than accept them back to the society. Conclusion In closing, it can be conceded with absolute certainty that although privatization of imprisonment appears to be the most prosperous invention that ever set foot within the legal rubric to fight against crime in society it is also entirely not effective. It does not absolutely create fear and avert risk of crime in the society. Whether imprisonment has a deterrent, rehabilitative or penal effect is still a riddle among criminologists. As has been demonstrated in the discussion above, it is apparent that Australia is lost in between the three objectives of imprisonment and policing with a blurred perspective of which one hold sway of the other. The overcrowding cases of prisons in Australia present an enigma to the judiciary on whether to offer alternatives from of punishment of offenders rather than imprisonment. References Alison, C., Linda, B., (2004) Invisible Victims: the Children of Women in Prison, Retrieved from https://www.voicesforchildren.ca/report-Dec2004-1.htm Andrews DA Bonta J 2010. Rehabilitating criminal justice policy and practice. Psychology, Public Policy and Law 16 Ashlynne, M., (2015) Victorian prisons most violent in Australia, data shows Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-15/victorian-prisons-the-most-violent-in-australia/6319186?pfmredir=sm Australian Bureau of Statistics, Prisoners in Australia (2009) Australian Bureau of Statistics, (2010) Blackstones Australian Legal Words and Phrases Day, A., Casey, S. (2010). Maintenance programs for forensic clients. Psychology, Crime and Law 16 Garland, D. (1990). Punishment and Modern Society: A Study in Social Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Green, D., Winik D.(2010). Using Random Judge Assignments to Estimate the Effects of Incarceration and Probation on Recidivism among Drug Offenders. Criminology, Greene, S., Haney, C., Hurtado, A. (2000). "Cycles of Pain: Risk Factors in the Lives of Incarcerated Women and Their Children," Prison Journal, Haney, C. (1997). Psychology and the Limits to Prison Pain: Confronting the Coming Crisis in Eighth Amendment Law," Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, Howells, K., Heseltine, K., Sarre., R, Davey L Day A. (2004). Correctional offender treatment programs: The national picture in Australia. Canberra: Criminology Research Council. Retrieved from https://www.criminologyresearchcouncil.gov.au/reports/200203-04.html Ignatieff, M. (1983) State, Civil Society and Total Institutions: A Critique of Recent Social Histories of Punishment. In S. Cohen and A. Scull. (1983). Social Control and the State. Oxford: Martin Robertson. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) (1966) Flynn, N. (1998) Introduction to Prisons and Imprisonment. Winchester: Waterside Press. Freiberg, A., and Ross, S. (1999). Sentencing Reform and Penal Change: The Victorian Experience. Annandale: Federation Press. OToole, S. (2006). The History of Australian Corrections; University of New South Wales Press Potas, I. Walker, J. (1987). Capital Punishment, Trends and Issues No 3, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra. Smith, A. (2008). Not Waiving But Drowning: The Anatomy Of Death Row Syndrome and Volunteering For Execution, The Boston University Public Interest Law Journal Valier, C. (2002). Theories of Crime and Punishment. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd.